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Electronic Flora of South Australia Species Fact Sheet
Phylum Rhodophyta – Family Rhodomelaceae – Tribe Polysiphonieae
Selected citations: De Toni 1903: 971. De Toni & Forti 1923: 42. Falkenberg 1901: 179, pl. 19 figs 18–23. Guiler 1952: 102. Kylin 1956: 507, fig. 403A, B. Lucas 1909: 42; 1929a: 22. Lucas & Perrin 1947: 277. May 1965: 384. Shepherd 1983: 83. Womersley 1950: 184.
Synonyms
Acanthophora arborea Harvey 1859b: 296; 1860: pl. 132; 1863, synop.: xvii. J. Agardh 1863: 822. Sonder 1880: 33. Tisdall 1898: 513. Wilson 1892: 168.
Polysiphonia valida J. Agardh 1896: 110. Reinbold 1898: 50.
Chiracanthia valida (J. Agardh) Falkenberg 1901: 733. De Toni 1903: 972. Guiler 1952: 102. Lucas 1909: 42; 1929b: 51. Lucas & Perrin 1947: 277. May 1965: 384. Silva et al. 1996: 479.
Thallus (Fig. 99A) dark red-brown, 10–40 cm high, with a single or several axes bearing long main laterals irregularly radially, with lesser branches clothed sparsely to densely with short determinate laterals. Holdfast discoid, 2–8 mm across; epilithic, epiphytic, or on shells or jetty piles. Structure. Apex enclosed by determinate branchlets, forming 4 pericentral cells and becoming corticated (Fig. 99B) from close to apices. Axes 1–2 mm in diameter below, above 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Determinate branchlets (Fig. 99D) 0.8–2.5 mm long, ecorticate, with 3–4 basal branches each 0.5–1.5 mm long and 40–120 µm in diameter, tending to lie in one plane, with 4 pericentral cells and segments L/D 0.5–1.3, tapering to a single apical cell sometimes extended to a monosiphonous filament (Fig. 99C) 5–10 cells long; trichoblasts rare, caducous; a darkly-staining animal endophyte (Fig. 99B, D) frequent. Rhodoplasts discoid.
Reproduction: Gametophytes dioecious. Procarps borne on branches of determinate branchlets. Carposporophytes branched with elongate-ovoid to clavate terminal carposporangia 35–55 µm in diameter. Pericarp ostiolate, without a neck, 2 (–3) cells thick, basally slightly corticate. Cystocarps (Fig. 99E) sessile on determinate branchlets, ovoid, 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Spermatangial branches (Fig. 99F) terminating determinate branchlets, with monosiphonous pedicels 1–3 cells long and with 1–3 sterile apical cells, fertile parts 90–200 µm long and 40–90 µm in diameter.
Tetrasporangia (Fig. 99G) borne in elongate branches of determinate branchlets 0.5–1.4 mm long and 90–130 µm in diameter, with undulating margins due to the tetrasporangia which occur one per segment, spirally arranged, subspherical, 60–90 µm in diameter, with 2–3 rectangular cover cells.
Type from Georgetown, Tas. (Harvey); lectotype in Herb. Harvey, TCD (Alg. Aust. Exsicc. 140 I); isolectotypes MEL, 1554626 and elsewhere.
Selected specimens: Geographe Bay, W. Aust. (Herb. Agardh, LD, type of C. valida, and MEL, 504314–504322). N Spencer Gulf, S. Aust., 10 m deep (Shepherd, 6.ix.1973; AD, A44465). Investigator Strait, S. Aust., 23 m deep (Watson, 28.i.1971; AD, A41011). Outside Tapley Shoal (Edithburg), S. Aust., 15 m deep (Shepherd, 2.ii.1969; AD, A3351 I). Marino, S. Aust., drift (Womersley, 23.i.1972; AD, A41260). Bay of Shoals, Kangaroo I., S. Aust., 3 m deep (Womersley, 5.i.1990; AD, A60123). Strawbridge Point, Kangaroo I., S. Aust., drift (Womersley, 29.x.1995; AD, A64623-"Marine Algae of southern Australia" No. 392). Muston, Kangaroo I., S. Aust., channel edge (Womersley, 29.ix.1964; AD, A28223). Rocky Point, Kangaroo I., S. Aust., drift (Womersley, 21.viii.1948; AD, A8587). Kingston, S. Aust., drift (Womersley, 19.viii.1966; AD, A30663 and 8.ix.1968; AD, A32587). Swan Bay, Port Phillip, Vic., 0.5 m deep on jetty piles (Watson, 17.ix.1973: AD, A44135). Devonport, Tas., drift (Womersley, 9.xi.1982; AD, A56249). Currie R., Tas. (Perrin, Aug. 1950; AD, A49617).
Distribution: Geographe Bay, W. Aust., to Port Phillip, Vic., and N Tasmania.
Taxonomic notes: Chiracanthia arborea is a distinctive species in habit and the determinate laterals. It is common in the Gulf of St Vincent region of South Australia, usually in moderately deep water, but extends throughout southern Australia. Many specimens bear an ovoid animal (?) in the axils of the determinate branchlets.
Chiracanthia valida (type from Geographe Bay, W. Aust; lectotype in Herb Agardh, LD, 40829) appears to apply to older, apically denuded plants of C. arborea. MEL, 504314–504322 are probably the same collection, with 504355 recorded as "Rhodomela muelleri Sond.", a nomen nudum in Sonder (1880, p. 105).
References:
AGARDH, J.G. (1863). Species Genera et Ordines Algarum. Vol. 2, Part 3, pp. 787–1291. (Gleerup: Lund.)
AGARDH, J.G. (1896). Analecta Algologica. Cont. III. Acta Univ. lund. 32, 1–140, Plate 1.
DE TONI, G.B. & FORTI, A. (1923). Alghe di Australia, Tasmania e Nouva Zelanda. Mem. R. Inst. Veneto Sci., Lett. Arti 29, 1–183, Plates 1–10.
DE TONI, G.B. (1903). Sylloge Algarum omnium hucusque Cognitarum. Vol. 4. Florideae. Sect. 3. pp. 775–1521 + 1523–1525. (Padua.)
FALKENBERG, P. (1901). Die Rhodomelaceen des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-abschnitte. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel. Monogr. 26. (Friedländer: Berlin.)
GUILER, E.R. (1952). The marine algae of Tasmania. Checklist with localities. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania 86, 71–106.
HARVEY, W.H. (1859b). Algae. In Hooker, J.D., The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. III. Flora Tasmaniae. Vol. II, pp. 282–343, Plates 185–196. (Reeve: London.)
HARVEY, W.H. (1860). Phycologia Australica. Vol. 3, Plates 121–180. (Reeve: London.)
HARVEY, W.H. (1863). Phycologia Australica. Vol. 5, Plates 241–300, synop., pp. i-lxxiii. (Reeve: London.)
KYLIN, H. (1956). Die Gattungen der Rhodophyceen. (Gleerups: Lund.)
LUCAS, A.H.S. & PERRIN, F. (1947). The Seaweeds of South Australia. Part 2. The Red Seaweeds. (Govt Printer: Adelaide.)
LUCAS, A.H.S. (1909). Revised list of the Fucoideae and Florideae of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 34, 9–60.
LUCAS, A.H.S. (1929a). The marine algae of Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1928, 6–27.
LUCAS, A.H.S. (1929b). A census of the marine algae of South Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 53, 45–53.
MAY, V. (1965). A census and key to the species of Rhodophyceae (red algae) recorded from Australia. Contr. N.S. W. Natl Herb. 3, 349–429.
REINBOLD, T. (1898). Die Algen der Lacepede und Guichen Bay (Süd Australien) und deren näherer Umgebung, gesammelt von Dr. A. Engelhart-Kingston. II. Nuova Notarisia 9, 33–54.
SCHMITZ, F. & FALKENBERG, P. (1897). Rhodomelaceae. In Engler, A. & Prantl, K., Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. T.1. Abt. 2, pp. 421–480. (Englemann: Leipzig.)
SHEPHERD, S.A. (1983). Benthic communities of upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 107, 69–85.
SILVA, P.C., BASSON, P.W. & MOE, R.L. (1996). Catalogue of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Indian Ocean. (Univ. California Press: Berkeley.)
SONDER, O.W. (1880). In Mueller, F., Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Supplementum ad volumen undecinum: Algae Australianae hactenus cognitae, pp. 1–42, 105–107. (Melbourne.)
TISDALL, H.T. (1898). The algae of Victoria. Rep. 7th Meet. Aust. Ass. Adv. Sci., Sydney, 1898, pp. 493–516.
WILSON, J.B. (1892). Catalogue of algae collected at or near Port Phillip Heads and Western Port. Proc. R. Soc. Viet. 4, 157–190.
WOMERSLEY, H.B.S. (1950). The marine algae of Kangaroo Island. III. List of Species 1. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 73, 137–197.
The Marine Benthic Flora of Southern Australia Part IIID complete list of references.
Publication:
Womersley, H.B.S. (24 February, 2003)
The Marine Benthic Flora of Southern Australia
Rhodophyta. Part IIID. Ceramiales – Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae
Reproduced with permission from The Marine Benthic Flora of Southern Australia Part IIID 2003, by H.B.S. Womersley. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Copyright Commonwealth of Australia.
Illustration in Womersley Part IIIA, 2003: FIG. 99.
Figure 99 enlarge
Fig. 99. Chiracanthia arborea (A, B, G, AD, A64623; C, E, F, AD, A41260; D, AD, A8587). A. Habit. B. Transverse section of indeterminate axis with darkly stained endophyte (on right). C. Determinate laterals with monosiphonous branch ends. D. Indeterminate axis with determinate laterals and darkly stained endophytes. E. Branches with a cystocarp. F. Cluster of spermatangial branches. G. Branches of determinate lateral with tetrasporangia.
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