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Electronic Flora of South Australia Species Fact Sheet
Phylum Rhodophyta – Family Rhodomelaceae – Tribe Laurencieae
Selected citations: J. Agardh 1852: 745; 1876: 644. De Toni 1903: 779. Ducker et al. 1977: 87. Fuhrer et al. 1981: pl. 87. Guiler 1952: 105. Harvey 1849a: 84; 1859b: 307; 1863, synop.: xxv. Huisman 1997: 205. Huisman & Walker 1990: 437. Huisman et al. 1990: 97. Kendrick et al. 1990: 52. Kützing 1849: 853. Levring 1946: 226. Lucas 1909: 38; 1929a: 21; 1929b: 50. Lucas & Perrin 1947: 247. May 1981: 342. Millar & Kraft 1993: 54? Reinbold 1897: 55. Saito & Womersley 1974: 832, figs 3C, D, 14–16. Shepherd & Womersley 1970: 135; 1981: 368. Silva et al. 1996: 508. Sonder 1853: 694; 1880: 29. Tate 1882a: 22. Womersley 1966: 155. Wynne 1998: 44. Yamada 1931: 226, pl. 18a.
Synonyms
Chondria filiformis C. Agardh 1822: 358; 1824: 208.
Gracilaria filiformis (C. Agardh) Greville 1930: 1iv.
Laurencia affinis Sonder 1845: 55; 1848: 178; 1853: 694; 1880: 29. J. Agardh 1852: 744; 1876: 646. De Toni 1903: 780. Harvey 1849a: 84; 1855a: 544; 1863, synop.: xxv. Kützing 1849: 854; 1865: 17, pl. 45c, d. Lucas 1909: 38. Sonder 1880: 29.
Laurencia fasciculata sensu Kützing 1865: 17, pl. 46a, b.
Laurencia forsteri sensu Womersley 1953: 38, and probably some other authors.
Laurencia forsteri f. affinis (Sonder) Yamada 1931: 214, pl. 13a.
Laurencia forsteri f. delicatula, gracilis, elata and fragilis, all of Sonder 1848: 178; 1880: 29. Kützing 1849: 854; 1865: 17, pls 47, 48. Reinbold 1897: 55.
Laurencia forsteri f. dilatata and setacea Kützing 1865, 18, pl. 48.
Laurencia forsteri f. fasciculata, subpinnata and pyramidata all of J. Agardh 1876: 645.
Laurencia gracilis sensu De Toni & Forti 1923: 37. Shepherd & Womersley 1971: 166. Womersley 1950: 187.
Laurencia heteroclada Harvey 1855a: 544; 1860: pl. 148; 1863, synop.: xxv. J. Agardh 1876: 647. De Toni 1903: 782; 1924: 370. Ewart 1907: 91. Garnet 1971: 97. Guiler 1952: 105. King et al. 1971: 124. Laing 1927: 164. Levring 1946: 226. Lucas 1909: 38; 1929a: 21. Lucas & Perrin 1947: 247. Saenger 1974: 81. Shepherd & Womersley 1971: 166. Tisdall 1898: 512. Womersley 1950: 187; 1966: 155. Yamada 1931: 238.
Laurencia filiformis f. heteroclada (Harvey) Saito & Womersley 1974: 834, fig. 15A. Millar & Kraft 1993: 54. Shepherd & Womersley 1976: 191; 1981: 368. Silva et al. 1996: 509.
Laurencia filiformis f. dendritica Saito & Womersley 1974: 834, fig. 16. Shepherd & Womersley 1976: 191; 1981: 368.
Laurencia obtusa sensu Shepherd & Womersley 1971: 166.
Coeloclonium claviferum J. Agardh 1897: 39.
Dolichoscelis clavifera (J. Agardh) J. Agardh 1899: 120. De Toni 1903: 827. Guiler 1952: 104. Lucas 1909: 40; 1929a: 21. Lucas & Perrin 1947: 257.
Thallus (Figs 210A, B, 211A, F) medium to dark red, firm, drying cartilaginous, 6–15 cm high, to 30 cm in deep-water forms; f. filiformis (Fig. 210A, B) slender, branches spreading, irregularly radial; f. heteroclada (Fig. 211A) and f. dendritica (Fig. 211F) with one to several main axes, radially and usually densely branched, pyramidal in form; lower axes terete, 600–800 (–1000) µm in diameter in f. filiformis, 1.5–2 mm in f. heteroclada and 2–3 mm in diameter in f. dendritica, decreasing to upper branchlets 400–800 (–1000) µm in diameter in f. filiformis, 800–1200 µm in f. heteroclada and f. dendritica. Holdfast discoid, 1–3 mm across in f. filiformis when epiphytic usually on Amphibolis; discoid, becoming stoloniferous, and 3–10 mm across in f. heteroclada and f. dendritica which are epilithic. Structure. Epidermal cells (Fig. 214B, C) near apices isodiametric to slightly elongate, (15–) 20–40 (–50) µm across, L/D increasing to 2–3 below, with secondary pit-connections and corps en cerise; cortical cells with only small intercellular spaces, lenticular thickenings usually present (rare in f. dendritica). Cells with discoid to elongate rhodoplasts, chained in larger cells.
Reproduction: Gametophytes dioecious. Procarps not observed. Carposporophytes with a basal fusion cell and short, branched gonimoblast bearing clavate terminal carposporangia 30–80 µm in diameter. Cystocarps (Figs 210C, 211B, C, G) sessile, not or slightly basally constricted, ovoid to slightly conical, 600–1000 (–1500) µm in diameter; pericarp broadly ostiolate, with or without a slight neck, 4–5 cells thick. Spermatangial receptacles (Figs 210D, 21 ID, H) ovoid to shortly clavate, becoming broad and cupulate, 0.8–1.5 mm across, spermatangia borne on trichoblasts.
Tetrasporangia in simple to compound ramuli (Figs 210E, 211E, I) 1–2 (–3) mm long and 400–800 µm in diameter, cut off abaxially in parallel arrangement, (70–) 100–150 µm in diameter.
Type (f. filiformis) from "occid. N. Holl.;" lectotype in LD, 36488, isotype in PC. Type of f. heteroclada from Rottnest I., W. Aust. (Harvey); lectotype in Trav. Set No. 210, Herb. Harvey, TCD. Type of f. dendritica from Vivonne Bay, Kangaroo I., S. Aust., 0–2 m deep on jetty piles (Kraft, 15.vii.1972); holotype in AD, A42549.
Selected specimens: (f. filiformis). Port Denison, W. Aust., drift (Kraft, 14.xii.1971; AD, A42018). Safety Bay, W. Aust., drift (Cribb 68.33, 14.viii.1950; AD, A14001). Tiparra Reef, S. Aust., 11 m deep (Shepherd, 31.x.1970; AD, A37650). Great Australian Bight, S. Aust., 42 m deep (Symond, 5.v.1973; AD, A43520). Off Troubridge I., S. Aust., 23 m deep (Shepherd, 4.ii.1969; AD, A33805). West Beach, S. Aust., on Amphibolis, 6 m deep (Shepherd, 13.xi.1970; AD, A37680). Marino, S. Aust., uppermost sublittoral (Womersley, 13.viii.1972; AD, A42610) and drift (Saito, 23.i.1972; AD, A41955). Toad Head, West I., S. Aust., 10 m deep (Shepherd, 13.x.1968; AD, A32883). Pennington Bay, Kangaroo I., S. Aust., drift (Womersley, 24.v.1945; AD, A2674). American R. inlet, Kangaroo I., S. Aust., 2–3 m deep on shell (Kraft, 7.iv.1972; AD, A41989). Nora Creina, S. Aust., 3–6 m deep (Kraft, 13.ii.1972; AD, A42236). Dutton Bay, Portland, Vic., drift (Womersley, 13.iv.1959; AD, A22690). San Remo, Vic., drift (Sinkora A490, 14.vi.1970; AD, A41357). Low Head, Tas. (Perrin, 8.x.1950; AD, A50205). Stapleton Point, Prosser Bay, Tas., 4–10 m deep (Shepherd, 10.ii.1970; AD, A35707). (f. heteroclada). Port Denison, W. Aust., inner reef (Womersley, 30.viii.1947; AD, A5907). Belinda Beach, Middle I., Recherche Arch., W. Aust., low eulittoral (Trudgen 828, 23.xi.1973; PERTH and AD, A51703). Elliston, S. Aust., outer bar edge, 0.5 m deep (Shepherd, 28.x.1972; AD, A42797). Cable Hut Bay; Yorke Pen., S. Aust., 1.5 m deep (Kald, 10.vi.1968; AD, A33068). Petrel Cove, Victor Harbour, S. Aust., low eulittoral (Saito, 30.i.1972; AD, A41953). Vivonne Bay, Kangaroo I., S. Aust., 0–2 m deep on jetty piles (Kraft, 15.vii.1972; AD, A42548). Cape Lannes, S. Aust., uppermost sublittoral reef pools (Womersley, 7.x.1972; AD, A42780-"Marine Algae of southern Australia" No. 166). Koonya Bay, Mornington Pen., Vic., lower eulittoral (Womersley, 15.i.1974; AD, A44672). Fluted Cape, Bruny I., Tas, uppermost sublittoral (Shepherd, 10.ii.1972; AD, A41771). (f. dendritica). Port Valliant, Two People Bay, W. Aust., 0–2 m deep (Clarke & Engler, 30.viii.1979; AD, A50970). Elliston, S. Aust., 7 m deep (Shepherd, 21.x.1970; AD, A37596). Margaret Brock Reef, Cape Jaffa, S. Aust., 3–5 m deep (R. Lewis, 29.xi.1972; AD, A42903). Nora Creina, S. Aust., 3–8 m deep (Owen, 3.ix. / 971; AD, A39593). Lady Julia Percy I., Vic., 3–6 m deep (Shepherd, 4.i.1968; AD, A32433). Gabo I., Vic., 18 m deep (Shepherd, 17.ii.1973; AD, A43508). Stapleton Point, Prosser Bay, Tas., 4–10 m deep (Shepherd, 10.ii.1970; AD, A35708). Safety Cove, Port Arthur, Tas., 12 m deep (AIMS-NCI Q66C-3828-A, 1.iii.1990; AD, A60376).
Distribution: Houtman Abrolhos, W. Aust., to Tilba, N.S.W., Qld? (Cribb 1983, p. 117), and around Tasmania.
New Zealand? Recorded from Indian Ocean localities (see Silva et al. 1996, p. 509) from Brazil (Oliveira 1969, p. 178), and from the western tropical Atlantic? (Wynne 1998, p. 44).
Taxonomic notes: For further Indian Ocean references, see Silva et al. 1996: 508, 509.
Saito & Womersley (1974, p. 834 and key) described 3 forms of L. filiformis on habit and ecological differences, commenting that further studies were necessary. These were:
f. filiformis. (Fig. 210) On rock or epiphytic on seagrasses (especially Amphibolis), under moderate water movement; thallus with one to a few axes from a discoid holdfast, branches moderately slender (usually under 1 mm in diam.), without or with only weakly developed percurrent axes, branching loose and relatively distant; lenticular thickenings (Fig. 214B) usually present, occasional (rarely plentiful) and massive, often clustered in 2–4 cells.
f. heteroclada. (Fig. 211A–E) On rock on rough-water coasts; moderately firm with numerous fastigiate axes from an entangled base, sparsely branched except in upper fertile parts; fertile fronds with percurrent axes and laterals becoming gradually more slender; lenticular thickenings present but occasional, or absent.
f. dendritica. (Figs 211F–I, 214C) On rock or jetty piles, on moderate to rough-water coasts; to 30 cm high with one to a few strongly developed percurrent axes, becoming 1.5–3 mm in diameter in lower parts, usually denuded below and much branched above; lenticular thickenings absent.
Coeloclonium claviferum J. Agardh (1897, p. 39); Dolichoscelis clavifera (J. Agardh) J. Agardh (1899, p. 120) was based on Meredith 294 from Tasmania (LD, 36174) and is a slender form of Laurencia filiformis. However, J. Agardh's specimen under this name from Spencer Gulf (O'Halloran), LD, 36173 is Laurencia clavata.
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The Marine Benthic Flora of Southern Australia Part IIID complete list of references.
Publication:
Womersley, H.B.S. (24 February, 2003)
The Marine Benthic Flora of Southern Australia
Rhodophyta. Part IIID. Ceramiales – Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae
Reproduced with permission from The Marine Benthic Flora of Southern Australia Part IIID 2003, by H.B.S. Womersley. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Copyright Commonwealth of Australia.
Illustrations in Womersley Part IIIA, 2003: FIGS 210, 211, 214B, C.
Figure 210 enlarge
Fig. 210. Laurencia filiformis f. filiformis (A, AD, A42610; B, AD, A37680; C–E, AD, A41955). A, B, Habit. C. Cystocarpic branch. D. Spermatangial branch. E. Tetrasporangial branch. (C–E, as in Saito & Womersley 1974, courtesy of Aust. J. Bot.)
Figure 211 enlarge
Fig. 211. A–E. Laurencia fihformis f. heteroclada (A, AD, A42780; B, D, E, AD, A41953; C, AD, A42548). A. Habit. B. Cystocarpic branch. C. Section of cystocarp. D. Spermatangial branch. E. Tetrasporangial branch. F–I. Laurencia filiformis f. dendritica (AD, A42549). F. Habit. G. Cystocarpic branch. H. Spermatangial branch. I. Tetrasporangial branch. (B, D–I as in Saito & Womersley 1974, courtesy of Aust. J. Bot.)
Figure 214 enlarge
Fig. 214. A. Laurencia tasmanica (AD, A41518). Transverse section. B. Laurencia filiformis f. filiformis (AD, A41955). Transverse section, with lenticular thickenings. C. Laurencia filiformis f. dendritica (AD, A42549). Transverse section. D. Laurencia botryoides (AD, A42775). Transverse section. E. Laurencia elata (AD, A42237). Transverse section, with lenticular thickenings. F. Laurencia brongniartii (AD, A44591). Longitudinal section. (All as in Saito & Womersley 1974, courtesy of Aust. J. Bot.)
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